THE EFFECT OF PLANNED BREASTFEEDING MANAGEMENT EDUCATION ON BREASTFEEDING OR FORMULA FEEDING, AND BREASTFEEDING SELF-EFFICACY IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY: The Effect of Planned Breastfeeding Management Education on Breastfeeding or Formula Feeding, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Duygu Deniz EROL; Gülçin ÖZALP GERÇEKER

Authors

Duygu Deniz EROL Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-2460
Gülçin ÖZALP GERÇEKER Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-616X

Keywords:

Breastfeeding, Formula Feeding, Self-efficacy, Education

Abstract

This quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the effect of planned breastfeeding management education on feeding practices and breastfeeding self-efficacy among mothers of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The study included 130 mothers whose infants were admitted to the NICU for at least 3 days. The control group received standard breastfeeding education, while the experimental group received individualized planned education. Data on feeding practices and breastfeeding self-efficacy were collected through telephone interviews at the 3rd and 6th months after discharge. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics and study variables. Group comparisons were conducted using the chi-square test for categorical variables and the independent samples t-test for continuous variables. No significant differences were found between groups in maternal or newborn characteristics (p > 0.05). Similarly, breastfeeding self-efficacy scores did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding at the 3rd and 6th months (p = 0.008; p = 0.001). The findings indicate that breastfeeding education may support breastfeeding practices. Strengthening nurses’ knowledge of breastfeeding self-efficacy and providing continued follow-up after discharge may help sustain breastfeeding.

References

World Health Organization. (2018). Implementation guidance: protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services: the revised Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. Erişim: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513807 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2024).

Bardanzellu, F., Fanos, V., Reali, A. (2017). "Omics" in Human Colostrum and Mature Milk: Looking to Old Data with New Eyes. Nutrients. 9(8), 843.

Van Dellen, S.A., Wisse, B., Mobach, M.P., Dijkstra, A. (2019). The effect of a breastfeeding support programme on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity: a quasi-experiment. BMC Public Health. 19(1), 993.

Mulcahy, H., Philpott, L.F., O'Driscoll, M., Bradley, R., Leahy-Warren P. (2022). Breastfeeding skills training for health care professionals: A systematic review. Heliyon. 8(11).

World Health Organisation. (2023). Exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, development and health of infants. Erişim: https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/exclusive-breastfeeding (Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2024).

UNICEF, & WHO. (2018). Capture the Moment – Early initiation of breastfeeding: The best start for every newborn. Erişim: https://fctc.who.int/resources/publications/i/item/capture-the-moment---early-initiation-of-breastfeeding-the-best-start-for-every-newborn (Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2024).

Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması Raporu (TNSA). (2019). Erişim: http://www.sck.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TNSA2018_ana_Rapor.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2024).

Senghore, T., Omotosho, T.A., Ceesay, O., et al. (2018). Predictors of exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and intention to or practice of exclusive breastfeeding among antenatal and postnatal women receiving routine care: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed Journal. 13(1), 8.

Oktar, Ö., Coşkun, M., Bostancı, S. (2018). Anne Sütü Mucize Olmaya Devam Ediyor. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences. 10(3), 228-37.

Küçükoğlu, S., Aytekin, A., Ateşeyan, S. (2015). Yenidoğan yoğun bakim ünitesinde bebeği yatan annelerin bebeklerine anne sütü verme eğilimleri ile emzirme öz yeterliliklerinin karşilaştirilmasi. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 4(2), 71-78.

Ergezen, Y., Efe, E., Çalışkan, F., Dikmen, Ş. (2021). Doğum sonu dönemde annelerin emzirme öz-yeterlilik algıları ile emzirme başarıları arasındaki ilişki. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 14(3), 217-223.

Cantürk, D., Kostak, M.A. (2020). Vajinal Doğum Yapan Ve Sezaryen Operasyonu Geçiren Annelerin İlk Emzirme Davranışları, Emzirme Öz-Yeterlilik Düzeyleri Ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 13(3), 382-394.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review. 84(2), 191-215.

Dennis, C.-L. (1999). A Self-Efficacy Framework. Journal of Human Lactation. 15(3), 195-201.

Aktürk, N.B.K., Kolcu, M. (2023). The effect of postnatal breastfeeding education given to women on breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 69(8).

Koç, Ö., Özkan, H., Sidar, N., Can D. (2017). Evaluating the knowledge, opinions, and attitudes of mothers regarding the breastfeeding coaching. Journal Contemp Medicine. 7(2), 175-183.

Yurtsal, Z. B., Kocoglu, G. (2015). The effects of antenatal parental breastfeeding education and counseling on the duration of breastfeeding, and maternal and paternal attachment. Nutrition and Metabolism. 2(4), 222-230.

Mohammadian, M., Maleki, A., Badfar, G. (2021). Effect of continuous supportive telephone counselling on improving breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers with late preterm infants four months after discharge: A randomized, controlled study. Journal of Mother and Child. 25(1), 44.

Brockway, M., Benzies, K., Hayden, K. A. (2017). Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Human Lactation. 33(3), 486-499.

Alb, C. H., Theall, K., Jacobs, M. B., Bales, A. (2017). Awareness of United States’ law for nursing mothers among employers in New Orleans, Louisiana. Women's Health Issues. 27(1), 14-20.

Güner, Ü. Ç., İnan, B. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemi sürecinde annelerin bebek besleme tutumları ve bu tutumları etkileyen faktörler: Facebook, Instagram Örneği. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 16(2), 357-366.

Azizi, E., Maleki, A., Mazloomzadeh, S., Pirzeh, R. (2020). Effect of stress management counseling on self-efficacy and continuity of exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine. 15(8), 501-508.

Naroee, H., Rakhshkhorshid, M., Shakiba, M., Navidian, A. (2020). The effect of motivational interviewing on self-efficacy and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding rates: a quasi-experimental study. Breastfeeding Medicine. 15(8), 522-527.

Rodríguez-Gallego, I., Corrales-Gutierrez, I., Gomez-Baya, D., Leon-Larios, F. (2024). Effectiveness of a postpartum breastfeeding support group intervention in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and perceived self-efficacy: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Nutrients. 16(7), 988.

Shafaei, F. S., Mirghafourvand, M., Havizari, S. (2020). The effect of prenatal counseling on breastfeeding self-efficacy and frequency of breastfeeding problems in mothers with previous unsuccessful breastfeeding: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Women's Health. 20, 1-10.

Dodou, H. D., Bezerra, R. A., Chaves, A. F. L., Vasconcelos, C. T. M., Barbosa, L. P., Oriá, M. O. B. (2021). Intervenção telefônica para promoção da autoeficácia materna ao amamentar: ensaio clínico randomizado. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. 55, e20200520.

Ngo, L. T. H., Chou, H. F., Gau, M. L., Liu, C. Y. (2019). Breastfeeding self-efficacy and related factors in postpartum Vietnamese women. Midwifery. 70, 84-91.

Rodrigues, A. P., Dodt, R. C. M., Oriá, M. O. B., Almeida, P. C. D., Padoin, S. M. D. M., Ximenes, L. B. (2018). Promotion of breastfeeding self-efficacy through a group education session: randomized clinical trial. Texto & Contexto-Enfermagem. 26.

Chaves, A. F. L., Ximenes, L. B., Rodrigues, D. P., Vasconcelos, C. T. M., Monteiro, J. C. D. S., Oriá, M. O. B. (2019). Telephone intervention in the promotion of self-efficacy, duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding: randomized controlled trial. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 27, e3140.

Tseng, J. F., Chen, S. R., Au, H. K., Chipojola, R., Lee, G. T., Lee, P. H., ... Kuo, S. Y. (2020). Effectiveness of an integrated breastfeeding education program to improve self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding rate: A single-blind, randomised controlled study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 111, 103770.

Wong, M. S., Mou, H., Chien, W. T. (2021). Effectiveness of educational and supportive intervention for primiparous women on breastfeeding related outcomes and breastfeeding self-efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 117, 103874.

THE EFFECT OF PLANNED BREASTFEEDING MANAGEMENT EDUCATION ON BREASTFEEDING OR FORMULA FEEDING, AND BREASTFEEDING SELF-EFFICACY IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY