MICROPLASTICS AND MICROBIOTA
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Microplastics, microbiota, gut microbiome, dysbiosis, environmental toxicologyAbstract
Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are increasingly recognized as environmental pollutants. These particles typically originate from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris and are prevalent across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. MPs are primarily composed of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyethylene terephthalate, along with various additives used to enhance their performance. Additionally, they can adsorb hazardous environmental chemicals, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, thereby posing risks to human and environmental health. Human exposure to microplastics mainly occurs through ingestion and inhalation, with these particles being detected in food items, water sources, and even in the air. Evidence indicates that microplastics can accumulate within the gastrointestinal tract, potentially altering the composition of the gut microbiota and leading to dysbiosis. Such disturbances have been linked to various health issues, including gastrointestinal disorders, systemic inflammation, and chronic diseases. The potential impact of microplastics on the gut-brain axis has also been explored, revealing possible neuroinflammatory consequences. Alterations within the gut microbiome have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, by disrupting the balance of the gut microbiota, microplastics may contribute to carcinogenesis through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation and DNA damage. Research has shown that exposure to polystyrene microplastics can induce metabolic reprogramming within the gut microbiota. To fully elucidate the complex interactions between microplastics and the gut microbiota, standardized analytical methodologies and further in-depth research are required. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the impacts of microplastics on the gut microbiota and aims to inform and guide future research directions in this evolving field.
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